Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Lily Li
Oringin
2016-05-27 16:35:55
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).
| Band | Regulations | Range | Data speed | Remarks | Approximate tag cost in volume (2006) US $ |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 120–150 kHz (LF) | Unregulated | 10 cm | Low | Animal identification, factory data collection | $1 | |
| 13.56 MHz (HF) | ISM bandworldwide | 10 cm–1 m | Low to moderate | Smart cards (ISO/IEC 15693, ISO/IEC 14443 A,B). Non fully ISO compatible memory cards (Mifare Classic, iCLASS, Legic, Felica ...). Micro processor ISO compatible cards (Desfire EV1, Seos) | $0.50 to $5 | |
| 433 MHz (UHF) | Short Range Devices | 1–100 m | Moderate | Defense applications, with active tags | $5 | |
| 865-868 MHz (Europe) 902-928 MHz (North America) UHF |
ISM band | 1–12 m | Moderate to high | EAN, various standards | $0.15 (passive tags) | |
| 2450-5800 MHz (microwave) | ISM band | 1–2 m | High | 802.11 WLAN, Bluetooth standards | $25 (active tags) | |
| 3.1–10 GHz (microwave) | Ultra wide band | to 200 m | High | Not Defined | requires semi-active or active tags |
